1. Earthwork Costs
* Costs of mechanical or manual excavation for trenches.
* Costs of backfill materials and compaction.
2. Pipe Material and Installation Costs
* Pipe material costs: Prices vary significantly depending on the material and diameter.
* Pipe installation: Includes pipe laying, joint treatment, and installation of fittings (such as elbows and tees).
3. Manhole and Ancillary Structure Costs
* Manholes: Divided into brick or reinforced concrete manholes, as well as storm drains and drop manholes.
4. Support and Dewatering Costs
* Excavation pit support: In narrow or complex sites, sheet piles and box girder supports are required.
* Excavation pit dewatering: Includes dewatering wells, drainage ditches, and other facilities.
5. Road and Ground Restoration Costs
* Road demolition and repair: If pipe network construction requires road demolition, and restoration of green spaces, etc. 6. Other Expenses
• Design and survey fees, used for project design, geological surveys, etc.
• Supervision fees, used for project supervision and quality control.
• Taxes: Subject to local policies.
